LAD #36 The Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine was an address of the foreign policy and the national security of the United States, and also Turkey and Greece. The United States received an urgent appeal from Greece for economic and financial assistance, if they did not receive aid it seemed as though they would not survive as an independent nation. Greece was never a wealthy country and it lacked many natural resources, and it has “suffered invasion, four years of cruel enemy occupation, and bitter internal strife”; it was reported that the “Germans had destroyed virtually all the railways, roads, port facilities, communications, and merchant marine. More than a thousand villages had been burned. Eighty-five per cent of the children were tubercular. Livestock, poultry, and draft animals had almost disappeared. Inflation had wiped out practically all savings.” Tragic conditions, a militant minority and human exploitation have made economic recovery seem impossible. The Greeks were asking for help to resume purchases of the bare essentials that were unavailable at the time. The Greeks also asked the United States for political aid “the assistance of experienced American administrators, economists and technicians to insure that the financial and other aid given to Greece shall be used effectively in creating a stable and self-sustaining economy and in improving its public administration”. Truman tells the joint session of Congress that the aid the United States has already provided for Greece is inadequate and that the United States, as a self governing democracy, must do more for Greece. The British had been helping them previously but they can no longer offer economic support after March 31st.

LAD #35 EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 9066

This was an order put into use by the president during World War II which allowed Japanese Americans to be placed in relocation camps. He gave power to the FBI and all other federal agencies to do this and was very determined to have this done effectively. This put nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans into these internment camps. Although this order was mainly targeted at Japanese Americans, it also had an effect on German Americans and Italian Americans. This act showed the hatred towards the enemies in war and how strong the resentment was towards these countries and their actions.

FDR's Declaration of War LAD 34/36?

Despite being allies in World War One, the treaty of Versailles as well as several events and aspects of America in the 1920's including an isolationist policy, and certain aspects of the depression left Japan with a distaste for America. Japan began its policy of imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, beginning to claim several pacific islands for raw materials and military bases. in the Early 30's they took Manchuria, with only a slap on the wrist from the league of nations. Eventually, Japan attacked a neutral America in a surprise bombing of the US pacific fleet at the naval base in Pearl Harbor, HI on December 7, 1941- "a day that will live in infamy". Immediately, the next day, Roosevelt called congress into session to declare war on Japan and it's allies. FDR explains in his message the deliberate and deceptive relations between the US and Japan, whom recently stated that they wish to remain at peace. He assures the American people that America will not only defend itself, but will ensure that there is no such attack again, and will claim victory over its foes in the pacific.

LAD 32

The Kellogg-Braind Peace Pact was a treaty that was negotiated partially by the Secretary of State Kellogg and ratified president Herbert Hoover. It was a peace agreement between the US and several other nations including Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Britain, India, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, Poland, Belgium, and Japan. Many countries were involved because it was intended to be a world-wide treaty. It was declared to be open until other nations signed it making it globally comprehensive. Basically, the Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact made nations promise that they wouldn't use war as an instrument of their foreign policy, that solutions could be reached peacefully and that war was not the way to pursue national interest. By creating such a pact they hoped to avoid another war, still trying to recover from The Great War's destruction. The treaty was said to "promote the welfare of mankind" through "peaceful and friendly relations." While a rather pathetic crack at world peace, at least they tried..

LAD #31

The fourteen points was a speech delivered by Presient Woodrow Wilson in 1918 after the Great War. Wilson’s Fourteen Points calls for peace and an international policy of openness. It was also intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. The Fourteen Points are as followed: 1. Calls for public diplomacy, Freedom of navigation of the seas, Equality of trade conditions,No farther build up of armies, Adjustment of all colonial claims, Evacuation of all Russian territories, Restore Belgium, Sovereignty for all French territories, Readjustment of the frontiers of Italy, Autonomous development for the peoples of Austria-Hungary, Evacuation of Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro, Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations, Erection of a sovereign polish state, A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity

LAD 30

Charles Schneck was the Secretary of the Socialist Party of America and he was passing out papers and mailing papers that were agaisnt the draft and discouraged the war. These had phrases like "dont give in to intimidation" written on them and the government was unfuriated because he was discouraging the war. The government then arrested him and said that his actions violated the Espionage Act of 1917 and he sued. He then lost and appealed his way to the supreme court. Schneck then lost the case because although the first ammendment gaurenteed freedom of speach, the Supreme court ruled that during a time of war certain things were intolerable and if they caused direct danger to people then it was a criminal act. The "clear and present danger" that was depicted of Schnek's crime was what put Schneck in jail and set a precedent for other people protesting the war openly. It also did create a warning flag in society for socialism because the socialist party was growing very rapidly.

Lad 29

The world today is in a very serious situation. Two places that are in particular trouble are Turkey and Greece. In the case of the later, it can not survive without our aid. I believe that the American people wish to help Greece, as the war completely devastated that country and it has been unable to rebuild because of a militant minority. Greece can not deal with this problem itself and needs our help. The government is not perfect but none is. Another country that needs our help is Turkey, although it did not suffer the destruction of war. The United States needs to help Turkey and support our way of life. We are helped in this role by the United Nations. America has complained to the United Nations in order to support several oppressed countries that were not given a choice of how to live. We must support these countries or they will collapse. Therefore, I am asking Congress to assistance to Greece and Turkey in the amount of $400,000,000. We have invested much in a better world, and this small amount is absolutely necessary to protect our investment. We have been great responsiblities and if we falter in our leadership, the world will suffer.

LAD 28

I believe that this country will pull through this dark time, as it always has done in the past. Our country is facing many problems, including lack of markets for goods, increasing taxes, and falling wages. There is also significant unemployment. Yet, these problems are not insurmountable. There are mainly the fault of the leaders and rulers stubbornness and incompetence. The money changers are only concerned with themselves and have no vision. Money should not be given out, but earned. Material wealth should not be the measure of success. The nation wants immediate action. We must get people working and the government can help. We must help farmers by raising cost of agricultural products. There must be a sound currency, there should be oversight of banking and credit, and there should be no speculation with other people’s money. I shall send this proposal to Congress. The emergency at home must be solved before we look abroad. Only by working together can we solve our problems. I am willing to do my best to help the country, but I will not abuse my Constitutional powers and hope that the balance between the branches will be kept. If Congress will not act, I will ask for special war powers to fight this emergency. The people have elected me because they want action and leadership. I hope God helps me fulfill these expectations.

LAD 27

This act which is still successfully used today marked the commencement of government activism. Previous to the Clayton Anti-Trust Act big businesses were free to monopolize, discriminate, as well as use corrupt policies. This was in large part due to our governements economic policy of Laissez-Faire. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act had been enacted but not strictly enforced, which is why the Clayton Anti-Trust Act was put into place in October of 1914. It stopped price discrimination as well as prohibit a sole person from being the head of more than one company. All of these restrictions worked together to ensure competition between businesses giving the consumer the benefit of the doubt.

LAD #26: MLK's 'I Have a Dream' Speech

Martin Luther King Jr. said a quote where he wanted his children and family to live in harmony with white kids. This was perhaps one of the most famous parts from Martin Luther King Junior's speech evokes emotion and passion that no one can deny. It is embedded within a series of statements starting with "I have a dream..." of which the premices include not solely equality for the slave but for the negroe and civil rights for all. He alludes too several "ancient" (if you will) American documents such as the Emancipation Proclamation and the Declaration of Independence. Although his actions may be dwarfed by these great acts of diplomacy, his outstanding moral tenacity and courage will be and is obviouslly remembered today.

LAD #24: Cross of Gold Speech

LAD #24: Bryan's Cross of Gold Speech
This speech was given by William Jennings Bryan on July 9th, 1896 at the Democratic National convention which is located in the bustling city of Chicago. He starts off by talking about the true value of the American worker- the importance of the workers, and the great country that America is and the rights that we have as citizens. He believes that to help the hurting economy, to have free coinage of silver,as there was a higher abundance of it compared to gold,and as it was hurting the farmers, as stated in the previous LAD, a key belief of the Populist Party and the Silver Democrats, who were pushing for free coinage of silver as well. Silver is worth 1/16th of gold and farmers could not use them- only wealthy men could use it. The important thing to do is what's for the major benefit of the people, and that the farmers were just as important as the big business people. Farmers could use this change in money value and pay off the debts they owed. He also believed in an income tax, believing it would be for the benefit of people. He ends the speech with a beautiful line that's very poetically written yet hits all the political marks "You shall not crucify a man upon a cross of gold."

LAD #23: Populists

This party came as a result from the Farmers Alliance in the late 19th century, around the 1870's, different from Democrats and Republicans. They were against the corrupted concentrated capital, and instead were believers in the common American man. They wanted to raise the quality of living in America by raising pay, as workers at the time were working under desolate conditions and no workers right/compensation at all. They were all for labor unions and they wholeheartedly supported workers rights- such as pensions for ex soldiers, no immigrant workers, and protection of job. They had many beliefs against the big corporations, all centered around the idea that they, the Populist Party, did not trust them. They believed that the companies were decreasing the value of silver to benefit from the value of gold, and believed in circulation of money, more money pumped into the economy, and for the government to keep an eye out on the railroad companies, along with owning the telephone companies. They basically wanted power back for the "plain people."

LAD 25 Dawes Act

The Dawes Act was to re-organize and redistribute reservation land into land for individual Indians, their own private property. 18 and above, including orphans, got 1/8 of a piece of land, while adults in charge of a family will get 1/4th- of which they could stay on or sell. The land is supposed to be used to produce crops or for animals to graze. Dawes Act also includes laws for the reservation- Indians can apply to become American citizens and work for the government. The land, if there is not enough, is divided by a class system and also by an agent, who would give out patents of ownerships. Indians who don't live on reservations can ask and apply for land. Once they've stayed on the land for five years, the land is forever theirs.This wasn't always true for Indians because if the government wanted that land back, they could take it back and just pay the Indians.

LAD 22 McKinley's war message

McKinley's main message was a plea to Congress asking them to try to bring an end to the ongoing conflict in Cuba. The warfare happening was similar to wars that have been fought in the past and he did not want the US to be blamed with the reprocussions. The warfare was similar to the many other revolutions against Spain that had occurred in Cuba and McKinley said this had come at a price in the United States. Trade suffered, U.S citizens' capital in Cuba was lost, and many were just growing tired of the unrest. After three years of neutrality, McKinley demanded Spain to cease all warfare. He stated that the only way to end the war was intervention as an impartial neutral, as an active ally, or by imposing a rational compromise. He laid out the grounds for such an intervention and concluded that the U.S would be justified in intervening. He furthered his argument by stating that the destruction of the Maine was proof that things in Cuba had gone too far. "In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests," McKinley asked for permission to fully end the conflict between Spain and Cuba and also to establish a secure government on the island. Despite McKinley's well-meant efforts however, war spirit resulted in Congress sending the United States into war on the Cubans' side. McKinley obviously would have disapproved of this decision.

LAD #21

Andrew Carnegie created the gospel of wealth which gave much of his fortunes to socially beneficial projects, such as funding libraries. With time, a distinct distance of wealth has emerged. It is usually obvious to know who is wealthy and who is not, simply by looking at the person's house. In the past, it was not so obvious since mostly everyone had the same dress, type of house, and ate the same foods. Without wealth, however, there would not be people funding beneficial projects like the arts. The change is beneficial for the progress of race. Carnegie says that wealthy people should take care of their wealth and put it good use. The small class of rich people can aid society more so than everyone being poor. He questions how the wealth can be shared throughout society. One way was to pass it down through family, but this only benefited a select group of people. Another way was through death. The money of a wealthy person would be shared among the poor. The last way was to continually give money throughout one's life. He strongly believes in the last method because the wealthy person can get more out of his share of money since he is alive. The wealthy are responsible for setting an example in the community and using their money to strengthen and benefit society.

LAD 19 and LAD 20

On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln delivered his First Inaugural address to the nation. He gins by saying that the people in the South are apprehensive that they will lose rights because a Republican has taken offer, but Lincoln tells them that he has no intention to get interfere with slavery in the states where it already exists. Slavery is a right that the state chooses, not the federal government, so Lincoln shows the southerners that they have nothing to fear. Also, he addresses the Southerners fears of freeing fugitive slaves, saying that he will abide by the Constitution, and send the slaves back to where they came from. Lincoln states that he will do his best to follow the Constitution. Next, Lincoln confronts the problem of secession, saying that the Union was formed before the Constitution was even formed and had stood up against many trials. He says that they do not need to fight over secession, unless the national authority has to get involved. The North will not not invade the south, but only collect duties as required by law. He says that the South should not be mad, as no right in the Constitution has been denied to them, the problems in question were not addressed in the Constitution. Lincoln says that if the minority wont give in, then the majority has to otherwise the government will stop. Secession is like anarchy. Lincoln states that the country really is in the hands of the people, and they can make an amendment concerning slavery. He ends his address saying that the fate of the union is in the hands of the people, not his. The Emancipation Proclamation declared all slaves in certain slaves free and stated that their freedom was to be recognized by everyone and not to be suppressed. The proclamation did not apply to Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, or West Virginia or Southern states under the Union. Lincoln told the newly freed to abstain from violence, work for a reasonable wage, and that they could be enlisted in the United States service. Previous to the Proclamation, many slaves had been escaping and fleeing to the North and this continued after the issuing of the Proclamation as well. Lincoln did not pass this through Congress but used his power as Commander-in-Chief. Although this did not officially ban slavery through the nation, it was a stepping stone towards the thirteenth amendment which eventually would

LAD #13

The Compromise of 1850 was passed by the U.S. Congress to settle slavery issues and to avert the dissolution of the Union. It stemmed from the request for statehood by the territory of California in 1849, which included a constitution banning slavery. California's admission of the Union would tip the balance in favor of free states; sixteen free states to fifteen slave states. A balance had been achieved with the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which tried to settle the growing slavery issue at that time by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. The proposed admission of California in 1850 was further complicated by unresolved slavery questions in the vast southwestern territory that had been ceded to the United States after the war with Mexico ended in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Compromise of 1850 called for the admission of California as a free state as well as the organization of the ceded southwestern land into the territories of New Mexico and Utah, without mention of slavery. It stated that, when the territories became states, voting citizens living in those territories could then decide on their slavery status, a solution known as popular sovereignty. The compromise also settled the boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico and called for prohibition of slavery in the District of Columbia. The act was so severe and the outrage against it in the North so intense that it led to heavy abuses and therefore defeated its own purpose. The number of escapees increased, as did the number of abolitionists who took up the cause against slavery. Putting the law into effect only led to more animosity between North and South, and when South Carolina justified its secession from the Union in December 1860, it listed the personal liberty laws as one of its grievances. The Fugitive Slave Act was not repealed until June 28, 1864, well into the Civil War. The Compromise of 1850, created in an effort to stave off war, actually may have fostered sectional tensions. Ultimately, it led to a Republican victory in 1860 and to Southern secession.

LAD #12

We really did want peace with Mexico, and we tried last September to do that. However the mexican goverment refused to listen to these negotions. We will try again to improve relationships with Mexico, where we will figure out the issues of borders of mexico, the rights of such people in the no man's land, and many other issues. Our person was then greeted by the revolutionary party, and where violence could have been used he avoided negotiations so nothing was accomplished. Now the mexican gov was very different. Due to military force present of Mexico, congress then ordered troops into texas. Troops went from Corpus Christi to Del Norte, waiting for an engagement. 16 troops were killed after we were checking up on your camp. This embarked us upon the warpath. Our commerce has been anialahted and we still remember the previous actions that mexico has commited against us. And as war exists, and, notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it, exists by the act of Mexico herself, we are called upon by every consideration of duty and patriotism to vindicate with decision the honor, the rights, and the interests of our country.

LAD #11

All portions of gods race deserve respect and the right to ensue the course god embarks upon them. This being stated, the opening of the preamble was stated;We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. When a country gives these rights to all citizens and persons, the people at the Seneca convention believe that woman should deffinetly have these rights. They also say that it is thier right because they are suffering to refuse allegiance to the constitution. They state that women have been too patient and now they are demanding the rights that they deserve. They then state many rights on women that have been ignored by men. Then they list off all the resolutions that will counteract the previous ignored rights. Some include the fact that men and women are equal, women can have any role in society, and the same amount of virtue, delicacy, and refinement of behavior that is required of women.

LAD #10

Monroe declared that the European nations are basically banned from the western hemisphere. He said that us Americans do have good relations with others in Europe and we have not taken place in any European War because we wish to stay out of it. He then says that we would only make such a declaration if we were pushed to do it and if it was an act of pure defense. He used the fight between Spain and Portugal to prove the unsettled situation in Europe and to further say that a foreign country interposing in American business will not be accepted. He said, "It is impossible that the allied powers should extend theuir political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness. This doctrine overall warned European nations that both south and North America were off limits and that America is now becoming a powerhouse and will use strong force to terminate a nation if they come in the western hemisphere.